外国关于流浪狗的纪录片：中英双语，流浪狗
The free dogs of India
印度流浪狗
These canines have independent, peaceful, happy lives without a pet's constraints. Why are they being persecuted and culled？
这些狗的生活自由自在、平静快乐，不像宠物受到约束。为什么它们会受到迫害和捕杀？
Unbound by human owners and the constraints of petdom, they live the doggiest of dog lives: they sleep when they want, mingle with friends they choose, pee when the urge hits, and eat when hungry – as long as food can be found. Wandering the streets of Chennai in southern India, we saw them dozing alone or in company on pavements, seeking shelter from the heat under a van, watching children playing on the beach, or being cared for by local residents. Part of Indian street life, these free-living dogs stand in stark contrast to the culture of pet ownership found in the West. Not only do they defy the image of the out-of-control and marauding canine stalking the sensationalist articles of 19th-century newspapers in Western Europe and North America, they ask us to question our sanitised cities and stewardship of a world with nature at so much risk.
流浪狗既没有人类管教，也不像宠物受到约束，它们过着最自然的“狗生”：想睡就睡，想和谁玩就和谁玩，想尿就尿，饿了就吃——只要能找到食物。我们漫步在印度南部城市金奈的街道上，可以看到这些流浪狗或是在人行道上打瞌睡：有的独自酣眠，有的与伴共寐，或是躲在面包车底避暑，或是静观孩子们在海滩上玩耍，亦或是受到当地居民的照料。这些无拘无束的狗是印度街头生活的一部分，与西方的宠物饲养文化形成鲜明对比。19世纪时，西欧和北美地区报纸纷纷报道说犬类不受控制、四处攫食，令人惶恐不安，印度流浪狗不仅打破了此类形象，而且还让我们质疑所谓洁净的城市，质疑对这个世界的管理，让自然面临威胁。
Too often in the West, dogs are seen through the prism of pedigree, and connected to their owner via collars and leashes. All too often, the realities of how dogs and humans live together in the Global South are overlooked. As a country with a significant street-dog population, India is a good place from which to explore how humans and canines share street life in cooperative ways that move beyond images of free-living dogs as dangerous.
在西方，人们常常以品种为标准看待狗，主人给狗带上项圈，用绳子牵着。然而，人们总是忽视狗与人类在世界次发达地区共生的现实。印度街头的流浪狗群体庞大，非常适合用来探索人类和犬类如何在街头合作共存，摆脱将流浪狗视作危险的刻板印象。
Exposing the reality is crucial given rising media calls for culling Indian street dogs, exposing them to rhetorical and actual violence. The condemnation of street dogs as risky and unwelcome is rooted in colonial attitudes, and overlooks complex and varied everyday interactions, often positive, between dogs and humans. Discussing their lived experience will help the dogs themselves, and also help us reflect on how humankind can share the planet with all the other creatures who live on it.
越来越多的媒体呼吁捕杀印度流浪狗，将它们置于言语和行为暴力中，因此向大众展示真实情况至关重要。有人批评街头流浪狗危险、不受欢迎，这种谴责深深植根于殖民思想，忽视了人与狗之间复杂、丰富且大多是积极有益的日常互动。讨论流浪狗的生存经验不仅能帮助它们，也能帮助人类思考如何与其他物种共享同一家园。
Free-living dogs pose a fundamental challenge to the idea that animals must serve some human purpose. Their lives contradict the Western understanding of dogs as creatures who belong to a particular breed or a mixture of breeds. They show that ‘breed’ is only one way of thinking about dogs, even if it is dominant in the West and has spread across the world.
自由生活的狗从根本上挑战了动物必须要为人服务的观念。西方人认为狗应该属于某个特定品种或者混合品种，而流浪狗的存在反驳了这一观点。尽管这是西方的主流思想，而且已经在全世界传播开来，流浪狗却向世人表明“品种”仅仅只是人看待狗的一种方式而已。
The idea that 'legitimate' dogs must belong to a breed based on appearance and conformation to physical standards comes from mid-19th century Britain, including the upper-class fox-hunting kennels and the working- and middle-class penchant for 'dog fancy' shows. Dog shows and the creation of the Kennel Club in 1873 provided the arenas and infrastructure for dog breeds to be displayed and their lineages recorded. Kennel clubs and dog shows spread across Europe and North America, positioning breedless street dogs as lesser dogs of unsavoury and degenerate appearance and lineage. Colonialism spread breed ideologies to Africa and Asia. In colonial India, the British imported 'purebreed' dogs, establishing Kennel Clubs and dog shows that allowed British and local elites to mingle; although some Indian dogs were entered into competitions, they were dominated by British and European breeds.
“受认可的”狗必须能根据其外貌和体态特征归于某一品种，这种观点来自于19世纪中叶的英国。那时有上层社会的猎狐犬舍，还有工人阶级和中产阶段钟爱的“时髦狗狗”秀。狗狗秀和1873年成立的皇家养犬俱乐部（Kennel Club）为犬种展览和血统登记提供了场地和设施。养犬俱乐部和狗狗秀风靡欧洲和北美，将非纯种的街头犬贬低成不上台面、外貌丑陋、血统卑贱。品种论又随着殖民主义传入了非洲和亚洲。英国人把“纯种”犬引进印度殖民地，建立起皇家养犬俱乐部和狗狗秀，允许英国和当地的贵族品种交配。尽管一些印度犬也能同场一较高低，但各类犬展主要还是英国和欧洲犬种的舞台。
Yet dogs existed before breeds, and most dogs living on this planet today cannot be understood in terms of breed. These are the dogs we call free-living dogs. Other names that have stuck include 'stray', 'tramp' and 'cur'. These terms positioned free-living dogs as degraded and disgusting, creatures who should be killed.
然而，狗在“品种”这个概念出现前就已经存在，如今生活在地球上的大多数狗都不能以“品种”一概而论。我们称这类狗为自由生活的狗。其他一直存在的称呼还包括“流浪狗” “游荡狗” “杂种狗”。这些名称将自由生活的狗定位为地位低下、令人作呕、应被宰杀的生物。
The status of dogs in India now contrasts sharply with that in Western countries, where any dog found wandering outside on the street is considered stray and liable to impoundment and being killed if not retrieved or rehomed. Widespread culling of 'straying' dogs and the introduction of neutering has virtually eradicated free-living dog populations in the West. In places such as India, dogs have many more opportunities for life than in places like the UK where they are allowed to exist only under human ownership.
现今，狗在印度的地位与在西方国家的地位形成了鲜明对比。在西方国家，任何在大街上游荡的狗都被视为流浪狗，如果找不到主人或新家，就可能会被扣留并宰杀。对“流浪狗”的广泛扑杀和绝育已几乎将西方自由生活的狗赶尽杀绝。而在像印度这样的地方，狗有更多生存机会，但在英国，只有有主人的狗才能存活下来。
While Indian law and public attitudes recognise the legitimacy of street dogs, transnational animal welfare and public health ideas continue to challenge their status as autonomous free-living animals. While street dogs in India are not killable, they are often treated as needing either control or rescue, and sometimes both. Norms about public health, nuisance and development cast free-living dogs as creatures to be controlled through 'removal' to unspecified locations and fates.
尽管印度法律和民意普遍承认流浪狗的合法性，但跨国动物福利和公共卫生理念一直质疑它们自主自由生活的地位。尽管印度的流浪狗不能被扑杀，但人们总认为有控制流浪狗数量或解救流浪狗的必要，有时则需要二者兼施。有关公共卫生、妨害滋扰和社会发展的规范将自由生活的狗视为能通过“转移”到未指明的地点和命运来控制的生物。
Alongside rescue and adoption initiatives meant to bring the benefits of petdom to street dogs, one finds neutering and vaccination programmes directed at controlling their populations and reducing the incidence of rabies.
人们发现，在贯彻拯救与领养流浪狗倡议，为其提供宠物福利的同时，印度也在实施绝育与接种计划，分别旨在控制流浪狗数量、减少狂犬病发生率。
Neutering refers to castration in males and ovariohysterectomy in females, both major surgeries with long-term impacts on the individual animal's life. The side-effects of surgery are only increased by the serious harms that can come with capture, transport and kennelling. Neutering is nonetheless seen as best practice in animal welfare for dogs because of Western norms about the 'inferior' quality of life experienced by dogs who are not owned by humans.
绝育指对雄性去雄、雌性切除卵巢子宫，这两项大手术都会对个体动物的生活造成长期影响。手术给流浪狗带来的负面影响，又会由于捕获、运输及舍养对流浪狗产生严重损害而进一步加重。尽管如此，用西方的标准衡量，鉴于没有主人的狗过的是“低”品质的生活，人们把绝育视为一种能给流浪狗带来福利的最佳做法。
The lives of India's street dogs challenge us to examine mindsets and culture in the age of the Anthropocene, where humans dominate and nature is beset by the climate crisis and habitat destruction worldwide. Before we save faraway wildlife, we may need to truly see the dogs who live free, near our homes. Free-living dogs can be pests and threats to human health, but they can also contribute to human wellbeing through companionship and relationships of mutual care. In India, everyday acts of care, such as stopping to fuss over two local dogs while whizzing around the metropolis, point to how humans and other animals can live alongside each other in the human-built world.
印度流浪狗的存在督促我们审视人类世（Anthropocene）中的思维定式和文化：人类主宰世界，自然界受气候危机困扰，全球范围动物栖息地遭受破坏。在拯救遥远的野生动物之前，我们可能需要直面那些近在家门、自由无拘的狗。流浪狗会令人厌恶，对人类健康构成威胁，但它们也可以通过陪伴和与我们相互关心而为人类福祉做出贡献。在印度，日常的关爱行动，比如风驰电掣般穿梭在大都市时停下来关心一下两只当地的流浪狗，表明人类和其它动物可以在人类打造的世界友好相处。
Instead of worrying only about endangered species, perhaps we should focus on animals in our midst. Learning to live with and respect free-living dogs, rats, gulls, cockroaches and mosquitoes might well be a crucial stepping stone for learning to protect the lions, pandas and elephants at risk and far from home.
与其仅仅为濒危物种忧心，我们也许应该关注身边的动物。首先我们要学习与流浪狗、老鼠、海鸥、蟑螂及蚊子等共处并尊重它们，为学习保护那些处境危险、远离人类家园的狮子、熊猫和大象迈出坚实一步。