狼群打不过棕熊，前苏联的这种狗猎得了狼
注：该标准中文版翻译自FCI国际纯种犬标准英文版，已发布于CKU新官网-犬种百科
02.03.2011 / EN
FCI-国际纯种犬标准第 328 号
CAUCASIAN SHEPHERD DOG
高加索牧羊犬
本图片并不一定代表该犬种的理想例子
ORIGIN: USSR.
起源：前苏联
UTILIZATION: Guard- and watchdog.
用途：看护犬、守卫犬
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 2 Pinscher and Schnauzer type- Molossian and Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs.
Section 2.2 Molossian / Mountain type.
Without working trial.
FCI分组：
第2组 宾莎犬和雪纳瑞类-獒犬、瑞士山地犬和瑞士牧牛犬（除瑞士牧牛犬）
第2.2类 獒犬/山地犬
无需工作犬测试。
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:
The Caucasian Shepherd Dog (CSD) is considered to be the breed taking its origin from ancient Caucasian dogs. The breed’s expansion covers territories from the Caucasian Range and the steppe regions of Southern Russia. The evolution of the breed was not only a result of natural selection but also influenced by nations that inhabited the Caucasian Region. Historically Caucasian Shepherd dogs were used for guarding and safe-keeping of herds, flocks and dwellings from beasts of prey and predators. The first mention of a large molossoid dogs used by the army of Armenian Tsar Tigran the II dates from the 1 st century BC. Selection work with the breed started in the USSR in the 1920s. Obligatory qualities such as physical power, self-confidence, fearlessness, sharply developed hearing, good sight, and a dense and waterproof coat have been cultivated in the process of selection. All these qualities as well as endurance allows people to use the Caucasian Shepherd Dogs in all kinds of climatic condition including the most severe ones.
历史沿革：
高加索牧羊犬一般被认为源自于古代高加索犬。该犬种遍布俄罗斯南部的高加索山脉和草原地区。该犬种的进化不仅是自然选择的结果，也受到居住在高加索地区的民族的人为影响。历史上的高加索牧羊犬被用作护卫犬，保护牲畜、居民及房屋免受食肉动物的伤害和破坏。最早关于这种大型獒犬的记载可以追溯到公元前1世纪，当时的亚美尼亚沙皇季格兰二世在其军队中使用了该犬种。该犬种的选育始于20世纪20年代的前苏联。该犬种的必备品质，如体力充沛、自信、无畏、听觉发达、视力良好及毛质浓密防水，都在选育过程中得到了很好的培育。所有这些品质加上超强的忍耐力，都使得高加索牧羊犬能在任何气候条件甚至最恶劣气候环境下工作。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
The Caucasian Shepherd Dog is a harmonious built, large, strong dog with plenty of bone and powerful muscular system; of a slight rectangular format. Sexual dimorphism is well pronounced. Males are masculine, with well developed withers and a bigger head in comparison with females. They are also more massive, bigger and often shorter in body than females. In dogs with longer coat-variety males have a distinctly pronounced mane.
整体外貌：
高加索牧羊犬身体结构协调，体型大，强壮有力，骨量足，肌肉群丰富，充满力量；体型偏长方形。两性差异特征明显。相对于母犬，公犬更雄壮阳刚，肩部发育良好，头部大。同时，公犬比母犬的体型更大，但躯体较母犬短。公犬被毛较长，有非常明显的鬃毛。
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:
The body length exceeds the height at withers by 3-8 %. The length of the forelegs averages 50-52% of the height at the withers. The length of the skull correlates with the length of the muzzle as 3:2.
重要比例：
体长比肩高长3%-8%。前肢长度平均为肩高的50%-52%。头骨与口吻长度的比例为3:2。
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT:
Behaviour is steady, active, self-confident, fearless and independent. The Caucasian Shepherd Dog shows a devoted attachment to its master; it is an excellent guard dog.
行为/秉性：性情平稳、顺从。胆大，忠诚，可信赖，从不神经质或无缘无故产生攻击性。
HEAD: 头部
CRANIAL REGION: 颅部区域
The head is large, massive, and broad in cheekbones; when viewed from above the head looks like a wedge with broad base.
头部硕大，厚重，颧骨宽；自上而下观察，呈宽底楔形。
Skull: Massive and broad; forehead is almost flat, with a marked but not deep furrow. Superciliary ridges are developed, but not protruding. Occipital bone inconspicuous.
头骨：重，宽；前额几乎水平，有一道明显但不太深的褶皱。眉脊发育良好，但不突出。枕骨不明显。
Stop :Noticeable but not clearly marked.
额段：可见但不突出。
FACIAL REGION: 面部区域
Nose: Black, large, with correct open nostrils, not proceeding the muzzle outline. A black nose in solid, spotted or piebald colours is desirable but not obligatory (but genetic blue or liverbrown nose is not allowed).
鼻：黑色，大，鼻孔适当张开，不超出口吻轮廓。黑色的鼻子，带有斑纹色或花斑色的最佳，但不是必须有。（不接受基因上蓝色或者肝/棕色鼻子）
Muzzle: Broad and deep, gradually tapering towards the nose; with strong jaws and chin; great depth and is well filled under the eyes. The bridge of the nose is broad. The upper lines of the muzzle and skull run parallel.
口吻：宽，深，至鼻部逐渐变细；上下颌和下巴强壮；口吻深且充盈至眼睛下方。鼻梁宽阔。口吻上线和头骨平行。
Lips: Thick, close-fitting, well pigmented.
嘴唇：厚，紧密闭合，色素充足。
Jaws/Teeth:
Teeth should be healthy, white, strong; incisors are close to each other and in one line. Complete scissor or pincer bite: (i.e.42 teeth).
Injured, broken or knocked out incisors or canines which do not affect the use of the bite is of no consequence, neither is absence of PM1s.
颌/牙齿：牙齿为白色，健康，坚固；门齿紧凑且一条线整齐排列。完全的剪状咬合或钳状咬合：（42颗牙齿）。门齿受伤、破损，门齿或犬齿突出，以及前臼齿缺失，如不影响咬合则可以接受，否则视为失格。
Cheeks: Well developed and emphasized by well pronounced chewing muscles.
脸颊：发育良好，咬肌发达。
Eyes: Moderate size, oval in shape, not too deep set, wide and obliquely placed. The colour is different shades of brown from dark to hazelnut. Eyelids are black, dry and close-fitting. Expression is serious, attentive and inquisitive.
眼睛：中等大小，椭圆形，不深陷，两眼距离较宽，倾斜。从深到浅的不同棕色。眼睑为黑色，干，闭合严密。表情严肃，专注而好奇。
Ears: Moderate size, thick, triangular shape naturally pendant, high and wide set. Inner part of ear is close lying to the cheeks. Ears are traditionally cropped in country of origin. Natural ears are of equal value.
耳朵：中等大小，厚，呈三角形，自然下垂，高，位置较宽。耳朵内部贴近脸颊。在起源地通常被剪短。未剪耳是可接受的。
NECK: Of medium length, powerful, low set; rounded in the crosssection. Crest is pronounced especially in males.
颈部：中等长度，有力，位置低；横断面圆润。公犬有明显的环状波纹。
BODY: 躯干
Body: Very well developed in all dimensions; broad, well-muscled and well balanced.
躯干：各个部位发育良好；宽，肌肉发达，平衡性佳。
Withers：Well pronounced, moderately long. The height at the withers slightly exceeds the height over the rump.
肩：明显，长度适中。肩高略高于臀尖。
Back: Straight, broad, firm.
背：直，宽，结实。
Loin: Short, broad, slightly arched.
腰: 短，宽，略微呈弓形。
Croup: Moderately long, broad, rounded, slightly sloping to root of the tail.
臀：中等长度，宽，圆润，向尾端略微倾斜。
Chest: Long, broad, well ribbed up, deep in general as well as in its frontal part; in cross-section has broad-oval shape. Ribs well sprung, false ribs are long. The forechest is marked.
胸：长，宽，自然膨起，前胸一般较深；横截面为扁圆形。肋骨扩张良好，假肋较长，前胸明显。
Underline and belly: Belly moderately tucked up towards rear.
下腹线/腹：腹部向后收紧。
TAIL:
Set on high, sickle curve or curled. In repose hanging down reaching the hocks; when the dog is alert, tail can be carried above the backline.
尾：位置高，镰刀状弯曲或卷曲状。放松时下垂至附关节；警觉时高举过背。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前躯
General appearance: Well muscled. Viewed from the front, straight, parallel forelegs that are set fairly wide apart.
整体外形：肌肉发达。自上而下看，直，前腿平行，间距较大。
Shoulder : Strongly muscled. Moderately long, broad, slanting to form an angle of approximately 100 degrees with the upper arm. The shoulder-blade lies close against the chest.
肩：肌肉发达，中等长度，宽，略微倾斜与前肢上臂成100度角。肩胛紧贴胸部。
Upper arm: Strong and muscular, close fitting.
上臂：强壮，肌肉结实，紧凑。
Elbow: Placed strictly back in parallel axis; turning neither in not out.
肘：向后与身体中线平行，既不内翻也不外翻。
Forearm: Straight, massive, moderately long, well muscled; rounded in cross-section.
前臂：直，中等长度，肌肉发达；横截面呈圆形。
Metacarpus (Pastern): Short, massive; almost straight viewed from the front and the side.
掌骨（前腿附关节）：短，粗，从前面和侧面看几乎直立。
Forefeet: Large, rounded in shape, well arched, well-knit.
系部：大，呈圆形，自然弓起，结实。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 后躯
General appearance: Viewed from the rear straight, standing parallel and moderately wide. The stifles and hocks sufficiently well angulated when viewed from the side. The hindquarters should not be set too far back.
整体外形：从后面看直，平行，双腿间距适中。从侧面看后膝关节与附关节成角自然。后肢不应太向后踏。
Thigh: Broad, well muscled, moderately long.
大腿：宽，肌肉结实，长度适中。
Stifle (Knee):Sufficiently well angulated.
后膝关节：角度适当。
Lowerthigh: Broad, well muscled, moderately long.
小腿：宽，肌肉结实，长度适中。
Hock joint : Broad and lean, sufficiently well bent; firm, turning neither in nor out.
跗关节：宽，倾斜，自然弯曲；结实，既不内翻也不外翻。
Metatarsus (Rear pastern): Not long, massive; almost straight viewed from the front and the side.
跖骨（后腿系部）：不长，粗；从前面和侧面看几乎直立。
Hind feet: Small, round and tight. Toes well arched. Pads thick and hard. Turning neither in nor out.
后足：大，呈圆形，自然拱起，结实。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
Free, elastic, unhurried movement with good driving power in the hindquarters. Good stability in all joints and with good co-ordination. The trot tends to be the typical movement. The withers are on the same level as the rump, and the backline is relatively stable during movement.
步态/动态：
自由灵活，后驱驱动力强，步伐稳健。各部位稳定性协调性佳。慢跑时步态最典型，肩与臀部水平，背部线条平稳。
SKIN: Thick, sufficiently elastic, without any folds and wrinkles.
皮肤：厚，有弹性，无褶皱或皱纹。
COAT: 被毛
Hair: Straight, coarse, stand-off coat with well developed undercoat. The length of guard coat as well as the undercoat should not be less than 5 cm. The coat on the head and forelegs is shorter and thicker. The tail is completely covered with dense coat and looks thick and furry. The longer outer coat forms “brushes” on the ears, a “mane” around the neck and “trousers” on the back sides of the thighs.
毛质：直而粗，立毛下有发达的底毛。外层被毛和底毛长度不应短于5厘米。头部和前腿毛较短，较厚。尾巴被浓密的被毛覆盖，看起来厚，密。外层长毛在耳部形成“刷毛”，勃颈处有“鬃毛”，大腿后侧形成裤状毛裙。
Colour: Any solid colour, piebald or spotted colour. Except for solid black; diluted black or black in any combination or genetic blue or liver brown colour.
毛色: 除黑色，淡黑色，掺杂其他颜色的黑色，遗传性蓝色和肝脏色之外的其他纯色和花色皆可。
SIZE AND WEIGHT: 尺寸和重量
Height at the withers:
Males: Desirable height 72-75 cms; Minimum 68 cms;
Females: Desirable height 67-70 cms; Minimum 64 cms.
Larger stature is accepted, as long as conformation is harmonic.
公犬理想高度为72-75厘米，不低于68厘米
母犬理想高度为67-70厘米，不低于64厘米
更大的体型可以接受，但体型必须匀称。
FAULTS: 缺陷
FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
缺陷：任何与上述各点的背离均视为缺陷，其缺陷严重性严格地与其缺陷的程度及其对犬的健康和福利的影响成比例。
SEVERE FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Too light or too coarse in built.
Lack of self-confidence.
Deviations in the sexual dimorphism.
Head small in proportions to the body; light; narrow; long; coarse; blocky or apple head.
Abrupt stop.
Muzzle: downfaced; dishfaced or snipy.
Teeth too small; widely spaced; incisors not set in one line; any deviation from the dental formula (except for absence of the PM1s).
Insufficiently marked cheekbones.
Eyes large; bulging; very light; showing haw; slack eye lids.
Ears large; thin or set too low.
Top line roach or sway back; long, sagging or arched loin; rump higher than the withers.
Body square; too cobby; too long; narrow in both front and rear; too leggy; chest very short, flat or shallow; croup short or steep.
Stumped tail.
Weak bone; muscles and ligaments in joints.
Lacking correct angulations.
Bowed forearms.
Unbalanced movement.
Lack of driving power in the hindquarters.
Coat that is very soft; curly; has very short guard coat or no undercoat.
太轻或太粗糙。
缺乏自信。
背离性别特征。
头部相对身体比例太小；太轻；太窄；太长；太粗糙；太方或太圆。
额断突兀。
口吻：长咀、短咀或尖嘴。
牙齿太小；间距过大；排列不整齐；偏离齿式（前臼齿缺失不在此内）
颧骨不明显
眼睛过大；凸出；色浅；瞬膜外露；眼皮松弛。
耳朵过大、薄，或位置过低
背线不直，过长，凹背、弓腰、臀比肩高
体型正方、太小、太长、前后躯太窄，腿太长、胸腔太短、太平、太浅，臀部太短、太突兀。
尾巴僵直。
骨骼不结实，肌肉、韧带松弛。
角度不正确。
前臂弯曲。
步态不平衡。
后驱缺乏推动力。
被毛太软，太卷曲，外层被毛太短或无底毛。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Aggressive or overly shy dogs.
Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
Any deviation from the required bite.
Incompleted dental formula (absence of any tooth except the third molars (M3) or the first premolars (PM1s).
Entropion.
Wall eyes; deep blue; green shaded or eyes of different colour.
Docked tail.
Constant pacing or impossibility to assess the gate.
Black colour in any variation; solid; diluted; piebald, spotted or as saddle (except for mask).
Genetic blue colour in any variation or nuance.
Bluish-grey pigmented nose, lips and eye rims.
Genetic brown colour in any variation or nuance.
Genetic brown nose, lips and eye rims.
Tan-marking in black, blue or brown dogs.
Height below minimum.
Severe deviations in the sexual dimorphism in males.
有攻击性或过分羞怯。
任何身体或行为上明显失常的犬应视为失格。
咬合不正确。
牙齿不完整，（除第3臼齿M3或第1前臼齿PM1s之外）再缺少任何牙齿者。
眼睑内翻。
斜视、眼色蓝、绿或两眼的颜色不同
断尾。
步伐犹豫或无法跨越门槛的个性。
各式黑色犬：纯黑、淡黑、黑白花、黑斑点、黑背黄腹、（脸部黑色不在内）。
遗传性蓝色或其任何变异色。
蓝灰色鼻、嘴唇和眼皮。
遗传性棕色或其任何变异色。
遗传性棕色比，嘴唇和眼皮。
有深色纹的黑色，蓝色或棕色的犬只
身高低于最低值。
公犬严重缺乏性别特征。
N.B.：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
公犬具备两个明显正常且完全置于阴囊的睾丸
只有身体机能以及临床表现健康的，具备典型犬种结构的犬只，才可用于繁殖。
▲ 犬只各部位名称（FCI标准通用）