哪种的八哥犬比较好？纯种八哥犬有什么典型特征
注：该标准中文版翻译自FCI国际纯种犬标准英文版，已发布于CKU新官网-犬种百科
16.02.2011 / EN
FCI-国际纯种犬标准第 253 号
PUG
八哥犬
本图片并不一定代表该犬种的理想例子
ORIGIN: China.
起源：中国
Date of acceptance on a definitive basis by the FCI: 13.10.2010.
FCI正式认可日期：2010年10月13日
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD: 04.07.2011.
正式生效标准发布日期：2011年2月16日
UTILIZATION: Companion Dog
用途：伴侣犬
FCI-CLASSIFICATION:
Group 9 Companion and Toy Dogs
Section 11 Small Molossian type dogs.
Without working trial.
FCI分组：
第9组 伴侣犬、玩具犬
第11类 小型獒犬类
无需工作测试
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:
Acertainamountof speculation has taken place regarding the origin of this breed, which would seem to have come from the Orient. His home country is listed as China, where snub-nosed dogs have always been in favour. He found his way to Europe with traders of the Dutch East India Company and as far back as the 1500s was being admired in the Netherlands. In fact, the Pug became the symbol for the royal patriots.
The Pug arrived in England when William III came to the throne. Until 1877 the breed was seen here only in fawn but in that year a black pair was introduced from the Orient.
历史沿革：
关于该犬种的起源有过很多猜测，后来人们认为其起源国会是东方国家。现已将中国定为八哥犬的起源国，因为在中国一直偏爱鼻子扁平的犬只。16世纪，荷兰东印度公司贸易商将该犬种引入了欧洲国家并受到了荷兰人的追捧。八哥犬实际上已成为皇家爱国者的象征。
威廉三世统治时期，八哥犬又被引入英格兰。到1877年时，也仅能看到浅黄褐色的八哥犬，但同年又从中国引入了一对黑色八哥犬。
GENERAL APPEARANCE:
Decidedly square and cobby, it is “multum in parvo” shown in compactness of form, well knit proportions and hardness of muscle, but never to appear low on legs, nor lean and leggy.
整体外貌：
明显呈方形，矮壮结实。体形紧凑、匀称，肌肉硬实，但腿不可太短，也不可为细长型。
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:
Decidedly square and cobby.
重要比例：明显呈方形，矮壮结实。
BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT:
Great charm, dignity and intelligence. Even-tempered, happy and lively disposition.
行为/秉性：
非常迷人、尊贵、聪明。性情平和、快乐、活泼。
HEAD: 头部
CRANIAL REGION: 颅部区域
HEAD：Relatively large and in proportion to body, round, not apple-headed.
头部：较大，与身体大小相称，圆形但非苹果头。
Skull: With no indentation. Wrinkles on forehead clearly defined without exaggeration.
头骨：无凹痕。前额有明显皱褶，程度适中不夸张。
FACIAL REGION: 面部区域
Nose: Black with fairly large well opened nostrils. Pinched nostrils and heavy over nose wrinkle is unacceptable and should be heavily penalised.
鼻：黑色，鼻孔大且开。鼻孔紧缩、高过鼻筋均不可接受，应严格罚分。
Muzzle: Relatively short, blunt, square, not upfaced. Eyes or nose never adversely affected or obscured by over nose wrinkle.
口吻：相对较短，钝，成方形，不上翘。鼻筋不可严重影响到犬只眼睛或鼻子。
Jaws/Teeth: Slightly undershot. Wide lower jaw with incisors almost in a straight line. Wry mouth, teeth or tongue showing all highly undesirable and should be heavily penalised.
颌/牙齿：下颌略微突出。下颌宽，同门齿几乎成一条直线。嘴、牙或舌歪斜为严重不合乎要求，应严惩。
Eyes: Dark, relatively large, round in shape, soft and solicitous in expression, very lustrous, and when excited, full of fire. Never protruding, exaggerated or showing white when looking straight ahead. Free from obvious eye problems.
眼睛：黑，较大，圆，目光温柔、热切，眼神明亮，兴奋时热情如火。前视时，眼珠不可前凸、太过夸张或露出眼白。无明显眼疾。
Ears: Thin, small, soft like black velvet. Two kinds – “Rose ear” - small drop-ear which folds over and back to reveal the burr. “Button ear” - ear flap folding forward, tip lying close to skull to cover opening. Preference given to latter.
耳朵：薄、小、柔软如黑色天鹅绒。分两种："玫瑰耳"--小、下垂，向后折叠，露出毛口；"钮扣耳"--耳向前折叠，耳尖紧贴头骨，指向眼睛，并将耳孔覆盖。耳朵的形状最好为后者。
NECK: Slightly arched to resemble a crest, strong, thick with enough length to carry head proudly.
颈部：略微拱起如冠，粗壮，其长度足以使头昂起。
BODY: 躯干
BODY: Short and cobby.
躯干：短，矮小结实。
Topline：Level, neither roached nor dipping.
背线：水平，不拱起也不下塌。
Chest: Broad in chest. Ribs well sprung and carried well back.
胸：宽。肋骨扩张良好，适度向后。
TAIL: High-set, tightly curled over hip. Double curl highly desirable.
尾：尾跟高，紧紧卷曲于臀部之上。最好为双卷。
LIMBS: 四肢
FOREQUARTERS: 前躯
Shoulder : Well sloped.
肩：适度倾斜。
Forearm: Legs very strong, straight, of moderate length, and well under body.
前臂：四肢非常强壮，笔直、长度适中，位于身体正下方。
Forefeet: Neither so long as the foot of the hare, nor so round as that of the cat; well split up toes; the nails black.
前足：既不象兔脚那样长，也不如猫脚那样圆，脚趾分开良好，趾甲为黑色。
LIMBS: 四肢
HINDQUARTERS: 后躯
General appearance: Legs very strong, of moderate length, well under body, straight and parallel when viewed from rear.
整体外观：四肢非常强壮，长度适中，位于身体正下方，从后面看，笔直且平行。
Stifle (Knee): With good turn of stifle.
膝关节：膝关节弯曲度良好。
Hind feet: Neither so long as the foot of the hare, nor so round as that of the cat; well split up toes; the nails black.
后足：既不象兔脚那样长，也不如猫脚那样圆，脚趾分开良好，趾甲为黑色。
GAIT/MOVEMENT:
Viewed from in front should rise and fall with legs well under shoulder, feet keeping directly to front, not turning in or out. From behind action just as true. Using forelegs strongly putting them well forward with hindlegs moving freely and using stifles well. A slight roll of hindquarters typifies gait. Capable of purposeful and steady movement.
步态/动态：
自前面看，腿在肩下要自然抬起和落下，脚始终保持向前，既不内翻也不外翻。自后面看，动作也应如此。前腿有力，后腿运动自如，膝关节动作自然。典型步态是后肢略有摇摆。可有目的性、自觉性地平稳向前运动。
COAT: 被毛
Hair: Fine, smooth, soft, short and glossy, neither harsh nor woolly.
毛质：细、平滑、柔软、短、有光泽，既不粗糙也不像羊毛。
Colour:
Silver, apricot, fawn or black. Each clearly defined, to make contrast complete between colour, trace (black line extending from occiput to tail) and mask. Markings clearly defined. Muzzle or mask, ears, moles on cheeks, thumb mark or diamond on forehead and trace as black as possible.
毛色:
银色、杏色、浅黄褐色或黑色。每一种均被明确界定，从而使颜色、迹线（自枕骨延伸至尾部的黑色线）和面部之间形成清晰对比。斑纹明显。口吻或面部，耳，面颊上的痣，额头上拇指形或钻石形的斑纹、迹线等的颜色要尽可能为黑色。
WEIGHT: 重量
Ideal weight 6.3 - 8.1 kgs. Should be hard of muscle but substance must not be confused with overweight.
体重：理想体重为6.3-8.1公斤。肌肉硬实，但不可混淆结实和超重之间的界定。
FAULTS: 缺陷
FAULTS: Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.
缺陷：任何与上述各点的背离均视为缺陷，其缺陷严重性严格地与其缺陷的程度及其对犬的健康和福利的影响成比例。
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS: 失格缺陷
Aggressive or overly shy dogs.
Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.
攻击性强或过度羞怯。
身体明显畸形或行为明显失常均视为失格。
N.B.：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.
注：
公犬具备两个明显正常且完全置于阴囊的睾丸
只有身体机能以及临床表现健康的，具备典型犬种结构的犬只，才可用于繁殖。
最新修订内容以黑体标注。
▲ 犬只各部位名称（FCI标准通用）