接种疫苗可以起到多大预防作用：疫苗接种不是越多越好

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标题：八个妙招提升家畜免疫力 8 ways to boost immunity in livestock

兽医学博士（DVM）、研究学博士(PhD) Victor Cortese凭借其在免疫学深耕数十载的专业经验，提出免疫力优化的相关建议。

Drawing on his decades of field experience and expertise in immunology, Victor Cortese, DVM, PhD, offers suggestions for optimizing immunity.

1、给免疫系统减负Treat the immune system well

兽医学博士（DVM）、研究学博士(PhD) Victor Cortese说：当免疫系统需要应对诸多挑战时，动物的能量和蛋白质需求更高，因此要避免免疫系统过劳。这部分生产成本的产生将带来长期影响。

The goal with the immune system is to keep it from working too hard, Victor Cortese, DVM, PhD, said, because an animal requires more energy and protein if the immune system is challenged. When that production cost occurs, it can have long-term impacts.

“在猪刚出生的30天内过度接种疫苗，将对增重、饲料效率和繁殖能力产生长期的负面影响，但我们往往认为这是最佳的接种时机。随着我们对新生期发育的了解，这是我们需谨慎考虑的一个方面。”

“If you’re over-vaccinating pigs in the first 30 days of life, it can have a long-term negative impact on weight gain, feed efficiency and reproductive capabilities, yet we have tended to think this is the best time,” Cortese said. “As we learn more about perinatal programming, this is an area in which we need to be careful.”

并非所有动物对疫苗接种的反应一致。Cortese博士提醒广大猪兽医能影响个体对疫苗接种反应的因素至少有十几个，包括：

Not all animals respond to vaccination in the same way. Cortese reminded swine veterinarians that there are at least a dozen factors that could affect the ability of an individual animal to respond to vaccination, including:

• 疫苗类型 Type of vaccine
• 疫苗的正确使用，以保证正确的剂量 Proper handling of vaccine to ensure proper dosage
• 发热 Fever
• 亚临床疾病 Subclinical disease
• 寄生虫 Parasites
• 母源抗体 Maternal antibodies
• 高温（外部温度） Heat (external temperature)
• 应激（较高的皮质醇水平） Stress (higher levels of cortisol)
• 营养状况（微量矿物质尤为重要） Nutrition status (micro-minerals important)
• 免疫状态 Immune status
• 疾病史或免疫史 Prior disease exposure or vaccination
• 抗生素的使用（活细菌疫苗） Use of antibiotics (live-bacteria vaccines)

动物的免疫系统依赖于可获取的营养物质，这方面应该经常检查。

An animal’s immune system depends on the available nutrients it receives, and this should be checked frequently.

Cortese博士回忆道，一家生产维生素A的工厂因火灾封厂后，维生素只能从其它国家进口，产品差异极大，美国各地的猪和牛开始出现维生素A缺乏的迹象。

Cortese recalled that when a plant producing vitamin A had to close because of a fire, the vitamin was sourced from other countries where variability was greater. Pigs and cattle across the US began to show signs of vitamin A deficiencies.

爱荷华州的一名猪兽医当时联系了Cortese博士，说他无法控制养殖场内的肺炎。Cortese建议取血样，送检后爱荷华州立大学实验室的技术人员反馈，他们从未在在猪见过水平如此低的维生素A。

An Iowa swine veterinarian contacted Cortese at that time and said he couldn’t get pneumonia under control in a barn. Cortese suggested he pull some blood from the pigs, and when he did, Iowa State University laboratory technicians told him it was the lowest vitamin A levels they’d ever seen in pigs.

他提醒兽医们：“饲料配方中只有可用的部分才能被猪吸收。随着规模扩大，我们不能理所当然地认为所算即所得，猪会依照我们计算的营养配方表照单全收。定期检查微量矿物质和维生素水平非常重要，以了解营养物质吸收情况及它们对免疫系统的影响。”

“What the pig is absorbing is what’s useable in the ration,” he reminded the veterinarians. “We can’t assume anymore, particularly as our facilities get bigger, that what’s been balanced on paper is what a pig is absorbing. It’s important to periodically check trace-mineral and vitamin levels to understand what’s being absorbed and the impact nutrition has on the immune system.”

水也是一个因素。他说：“一些我在印第安纳州使用水井的客户，发现水中锌含量极高，足以导致锌中毒。我们需在检查方面更用功些。”

Water interactions are also a factor, he said. “I have customers with wells in Indiana right now that are so high in zinc that they’re causing zinc toxicity. We need to do a better job of checking.”

未完待续......

原文链接：https://pighealthtoday.com/8-ways-to-boost-immunity-in-livestock/